Timeline
1073
Alberto Azzo II (996-1097) , lord of Monselice, Polesine, Montagnana, Calaone, Cerro and Este, moved his residence to the latter.
1264
Proclamation of Obizzo II as perpetual lord of Ferrara (of Modena in 1289 and Reggio in 1290)
1066
Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror King of England
1250
Emperor Federico II of Svezia dies
1393
Nicolò III d’Este is Marquis of Ferrara
1441
Leonello comes to power as Marquis of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
1450
Borso rises to power as Lord of Ferrara
1347-1352
Black Death spreads across Europe
1452
Elevation to the dignity of Duke of Modena and Reggio by appointment of Emperor Federico III
1452
Leonardo is born in Vinci – Leon Battista Alberti presents De re aedificatoria to Pope Niccolò V
1453
Fall of Constantinople and end of the Byzantine Empire
1455-1461
Commission and execution of the Borso Bible, among the most valuable manuscripts in Italy
1455
Gutenberg invents movable type printing
dopo il 1469
The decoration of the Salone dei Mesi at Schifanoia begins
1471
Elevation to the dignity of Duke over Ferrara by Pope Paolo II
1471
Ercole I comes to power
dal 1465
Andrea Mantegna painted the frescoes in the Bridal Chamber at the Doge’s Palace in Mantona (c. 1465-1474)
1482-1484
Salt war against Venice. Loss of the Polesine of Rovigo
1478
1492-1505
Herculean Addition. Urban development of Ferrara ordered by Ercole I and realised by Biagio Rossetti
1492
Christopher Columbus discovers America
1501
1498
Execution of Girolamo Savonarola in Florence
1505
Alfonso I comes to power
1504
1509
Reconquest of the Polesine territories of Rovigo and Battle of Polesella, victory over the Venetian fleet
1508
Constitution of the League of Cambrai to oppose Venice. (Ludovico Sforza, known as the Moor, dies)
1510
Loss of Modena and Reggio. The papal army occupies Modena and Mirandola under the command of Pope Giulio II
1512
Michelangelo Buonarrotti unveils the last part of the Sistine Chapel vault to Pope Giulio II
1517
Martin Luther published the 95 theses against indulgences, the start of the Protestant Reformation
1519
Ferdinand Magellan undertakes the first circumnavigation of the globe (1522)
1528
Ercule II married Renée of France, daughter of Luigi XII King of France
1527
Sack of Rome by the German Lansquenets
1534
Ercule II comes to power
1536
Calvin begins his preaching
dal 1546
Expansion of Modena northwards
1559
Alfonso II comes to power
1545
Pope Paolo III convenes the Council of Trent – Counter-Reformation
1570
Ferrara Earthquake
1597
Death of Alfonso II without male heirs. Claim to the territory of Ferrara by the Papal States. Cesare comes to power
1571
Battle of Lepanto. The Holy League fleet stops the expansion of the Ottoman Empire
1598
Devolution of Ferrara to the Papal States. Transfer of the court to Modena
1628
Alfonso III comes to power
1609
Galileo Galilei invents the telescope
1629
Abdication of the Duke in favour of his son Francis I to enter the Capuchin order
1638-1639
1630
The plague, described by Manzoni in Promessi Sposi, spreads in northern Italy
ante 1651
Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpts the bust of Francesco I
1658
Alfonso IV comes to power
1648
Peace of Westphalia puts an end to the Thirty Years’ War
1662
Laura Martinozzi assumed the regency of the Duchy in place of her son Francesco II (2 years)
1661
France, Louis XIV, the Sun King, takes the throne
1673
Maria Beatrice d’Este married James Stuart, Duke of York and future King of England
1688
The Glorious English Revolution
1695
When Francesco II dies without male heirs, his uncle Rinaldo I d’Este comes to power
1701-1714
War of the Spanish Succession
1733
War of Polish Succession
1737
Francesco III comes to power
1738
Peace of Vienna
1741
Thanks to the marriage agreement with Maria Teresa Cybo Malaspina, future heiress of the Duchy of Massa and Carrara, he obtaines an outlet on the Tyrrhenian Sea
1740
War of the Austrian Succession
1745
The Dresden Sale. About a hundred paintings are sold to the Elector of Saxony
1748
Treaty of Aachen
1780
Ercole Rinaldo III comes to power
1776
American Declaration of Independence
1789
Outbreak of the French Revolution (1789-1799)
1796
Exile of Ercole Rinaldo III from the Duchy of Este due to Napoleonic occupation
1796
Napoleonic Invasion Italian Campaign
1796
The Italian tricolour flag is born in Reggio
1797
Cisalpine Republic (1797-1802)
1804
Napoleone becomes Emperor of France and King of Italy
1814
Francesco IV of Austria-Este, first Duke of the Austro-Estense dynastic line, enters Modena
1814-1815
Congress of Vienna and Restoration
1846
Francesco V comes to power, last Este Duke
1848
First War of Independence (1848-1849)
1849
Peace in Milan
1859
Francesco V leaves forever the territories that belonged to the House of Este for almost 800 years
1859
Second War of Independence
1860
Garibaldi’s Expedition of the Thousand
1863
Disbandment of the loyal ‘Brigata Estense’ at Cartigliano Veneto
1861
Vittorio Emanuele II becomes the first King of Italy
1866
Third War of Independence and the Treaty of Vienna
